December 20, 2021

A 70th Anniversary for Fission

70 years ago today, on December 20, 1951, the first Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-I, pictured below at left) came online at the Idaho National Laboratory to produce usable electricity through fission.  The reactor, initially used to power four 200-watt lightbulbs, was increased to power the whole facility on its second day. While small, the reactor provided scientists with the ability to do a lot of testing. These tests, both successful and unsuccessful, enabled a lot of other reactors, including the EBR-II and coming soon, the Oklo Aurora, to follow with considerable design improvements. In 1966, President Lyndon Johnson declared the EBR-I a National Historic Landmark.

The EBR-I was a liquid metal-cooled fast reactor that used a liquid sodium coolant which transfers heat much better than today's light water reactors.  The second Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-II), which operated from 1961 to 1994, ran for more than 30 years quite successfully. However the potential hazards of a sodium leak combined with water was a deterrent to the use of this type of reactor in a submarine. The Navy wanted to have nuclear-powered submarines and opted to use the pressurized light water reactor, that used sea water as its coolant. This choice influenced the later commercial adoption of water cooled reactors on land, even though there were risks associated with the need to replicate an underwater environment to cool the LWRs built on the land.

Which makes the 2020 submission by Oklo to the NRC of a 4th Generation liquid-metal cooled fast reactor not just historic but also somewhat ironic. It's taken 70 years and a catastrophic climate crisis to finally get back to basics, and reassess the potential of the metallic fuel, liquid-metal collant system that was initially deemed the superior choice for electricity generation on land.

Learn more at the Office of Nuclear Energy's 9 Notable Facts About the World's First Nuclear Power Plant - EBR-1, written on June 18, 2019 and posted to the DOE's ONE Facebook page in honor of the 70th anniversary.  Listen to the Boise State Public Radio News report, Idaho experiment that showed nuclear power was more than a weapon turns 70 years old, by Madelyn Beck.

December 14, 2021

NuScale becomes 1st New Nuclear Public Listing

NuScale, a company that has developed an advanced and innovative form of light water reactor that provides clean, reliable power through a series of smaller modular cores, announced that it has agreed to merge with Spring Valley Acquisition Corp., a special acquisition company in a SPAC deal that is expected to close in the first half of 2022. 

NuScale, while generally not considered a "Gen IV" design (since it still utilizes the traditional LWR design), nevertheless made history when it received NRC certification of the design's underlying safety features back in September 2020 for its unique 60 MW reactor form factor design, becoming the first Small Modular Reactor design to do so. In partnership with the DOE, NuScale has planned to deploy its first reactor complex on behalf of the Utah Associated Municipal Power System (UAMPS), to showcase the new technology. Nevertheless, despite receiving its final safety evaluation from the NRC, NuScale will still need to submit a Combined License Application to the NRC in order to start building its reactor in the U.S.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5UkoBZHm0kw&t=162s

Upon completion of this SPAC transaction, the combined entity will be valued at almost $2 billion and will leave NuScale with over $400 million in cash proceeds, in part from a further PIPE fundraise. Fluor Corporation, currently a majority owner of NuScale, will hold about 60% of the company upon completion.

NuScale has been able to tout their NRC safety approval to begin lining up SMR customers around the world.  According to a Bloomberg article, the company is fielding interest for 19 deals in 11 countries and may potentially complete a development in Romania before evening completing their first in the U.S.  Given that NuScale can expect to see revenue even prior to when a new plant is complete, the company anticipates seeing meaningful revenue as early as 2024. 

For more on NuScale's plans, see Bloomberg's Small Nuclear Developer NuScale to Go Public Through SPAC Deal, by Will Wade, December 14, 2021 and MarketWatch's Fluor's NuScale Power to Combine with SPAC Spring Valley, by Collin Kellaher, Dec. 14, 2021

September 15, 2021

Woke Nuclear


Author Maureen T. Koetz explores nuclear's history and how air emission credits were the economic birthright of the nuclear industry since the passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act (CAA) amendments, when emission control capability first became a tradable commodity. Yet it took until 2016 for ratepayers and shareholders to receive even a small fraction of this valuable return on investment.

Nuclear’s emission control value actually more accurately dates to 1957, when the first civilian production plant came on line, and this past exclusion of nuclear from credit markets has mislead decision makers for decades. Factoring nuclear out of emission credit markets over the last three decades has proved costly for the entire fission industry. As a policy director at the Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), I first developed emission avoidance calculations in 1997; the new data sets confirmed nuclear’s role in eliminating both criteria pollutants under the CAA and greenhouse gases then the subject of planned international controls under the Kyoto Protocol. The calculations also identified what were then hundreds of millions of dollars in emission credit value that had never been booked or realized by plant owners and operators on behalf of shareholders. Twenty years on, the forgone return on investment value has only multiplied.

According to NEI, a 16.4 percent increase in nuclear generation from 1990 to 1995 in 21 states avoided 480,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, or 37 percent of the 1990 CAA amendments reduction requirement. Noting that “no credit was allocated to nuclear plants,” NEI estimated the “contribution” to emission control would have been worth about $50 million, but that’s really only a fraction of the cumulative value. Actual emission credit value accruing to shareholders and ratepayers since the 1960s spans multiple emission categories and regions. Besides historic sulfur prevention, the avoided emission value of nitrogen oxide and particulate matter in heavily controlled areas like California and the Ozone Transport Region are more likely billions even before greenhouse gases are included.

While recent state-by-state ZEC programs are positive steps, they have yet to equalize the value of a proverbial ounce of greenhouse gas prevention with pounds of sequester cure provided to fossil fuel technology. New York’s early adoption of ZECs uses complex formulas based the social costs of carbon that price credits at $17 per megawatt hour at four upstate nuclear units. The overall estimate of $480 million per year in ZEC payments to the James A. Fitzpatrick, R.E. Ginna, and Nine Mile Point Units 1 and 2 plants that annually avoid 15 million tons of greenhouse gases yields $31 per ton controlled under a straight credit pricing basis.

Read more about this fascinating history at NuclearNewswire Woke nuclear?, by Maureen T. Koetz, published September 15, 2021.

August 10, 2021

FT editors urge nuclear adoption to avert ‘hell on earth’


Anyone who read the IPCC's Sixth Assessment's Working Group 1 report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, found it very disturbing. The editors of the Financial Times editors used the moment to publish an editorial entitled Time is running short to avert 'hell on earth.'

Editors don't mince words. They made it clear that what is at stake is the question of whether or not humanity will take the actions now that will ensure that the earth remains livable.  The reported concensus of 234 international scientists is stark enough: disruptive weather events, droughts, heatwaves, forest fires and a hotter world are already locked in for decades or more and will continue to even get worse as more emissions are added.  However, if we heed the recommendations of the IPCC's most optimistic scenario and effect "immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions" in emissions, we have a small chance of limiting global temperature rise to 1.6 degrees C above pre-industrial temperatures, rather than allowing them to mushroom higher, leaving room for a tragically degraded but habitable earth. 

As frightening as this prospect may seem, this is not the time to throw up our hands, according to the editors. Rather this is the time that global leaders' resolve must focus on taking every option and available route possible to achieve net zero and achieve agreement at COP26 summit in Glasgow in November on dramagic goals.  Which means that Boris Johnson and other world leaders must resist political pressure from those who still doubt and question the severity of climate change.  This is, by now, a no-brainer.

But the editors proceed into bold and even downright courageous territory, where few intellectual leaders dare to tred.  They emphasize that, while there are economic gains and returns to be gotten through the investment in innovation that are necessary for the path to net zero, we need to recognize that actually cutting carbon-intensity of nearly all of mankinds' activities will cause some real pain and not always be cost-effective.  Furthermore, they write:

The IPCC report also should prompt environmental campaigners to abandon some traditional prejudices, particularly against nuclear power.  Smaller nuclear plants deserve investment for the role they could play in generating carbon-free electricity.

They go on to proclaim: "attitudes . . . need rethinking," not just about nuclear power but also about geo-engineering, which is the use of various methods to temporarily keep the planet from being warmed by injecting some artificial means of atmospheric solar intervention that prevents the sun's rays from heating up the free GHGs in the atmosphere. These are brave pronouncements, since they run counter to the ideology of most progressive-minded environmentalists, and they really don't like it when people do that.

Read the FT's editorial, Time is running short to avert 'hell on earth,' published August 10, 2021. (Click the cartoon insert to see an image of the FT's editorial.)

December 3, 2015

Nuclear power paves the only viable path forward on climate change


James Hansen, Kerry Emanuel, Ken Caldeira and Tom Wigley co-authored an article entitled Nuclear power paves the only viable path forward on climate change, that was published by The Guardian during the Paris COP.  In it, they argue that "to solve the climate problem, policy must be based on facts and not prejudice.  Alongside renewables, Nuclear will make the difference between the world missing crucial climate targets or achieving them."

Each of these venerable climate scientists has reknown expertise in an area of climate science and none are associated even loosely with the nuclear industry. Yet, perhaps by virtue of their ability to crunch the numbers, calculate quantities and evaluate trend lines, they see the writing on the wall. By any measure, they could have titled this article "The Other Inconvenient Truth: We need nuclear power."

It is a rare thing and for that reason, almost shocking, that four such respected scientists would put their names to a call for a particular solution, because scientists too often consider themselves mere interpreters of data. In this case, their interpretations of the data compelled these scientists to step out of their comfort zone to clarify what the data calls for: the bigger clean energy guns nuclear power provides.

This article inspired a legion of pronuclear activists. Until this time, almost no one was out there pounding the pavement in support of nuclear energy. But the fact that the same scientist who opened the nation's eyes to the threat posed by carbon emissions back in 1986, whose testimony to a Congressional committee effectively initated the process by which the United Nations launched the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, called for politicians to recognize nuclear's critical role, made a major shift in the dynamics for nuclear power.

At the same time, many environmental groups, finding this message just too inconvenient, tragically opted simply to discard this guidance. Many, contrary to their avowed assertion that they care to address climate change, have even continued working to prematurely shutter existing nuclear and allow natural gas to mushroom instead.

“To solve the climate problem, policy must be based on facts and not on prejudice. The climate system cares about greenhouse gas emissions – not about whether energy comes from renewable power or abundant nuclear power. Some have argued that it is feasible to meet all of our energy needs with renewables. The 100% renewable scenarios downplay or ignore the intermittency issue by making unrealistic technical assumptions, and can contain high levels of biomass and hydroelectric power at the expense of true sustainability. Large amounts of nuclear power would make it much easier for solar and wind to close the energy gap.

The climate issue is too important for us to delude ourselves with wishful thinking. Throwing tools such as nuclear out of the box constrains humanity’s options and makes climate mitigation more likely to fail. We urge an all-of-the-above approach that includes increased investment in renewables combined with an accelerated deployment of new nuclear reactors."

Please read the full article published more than five years ago in The Guardian, Nuclear power paves the only viable path forward on climate change, by Drs. James Hansen, Kerry Emanuel, Ken Caldeira and Tom Wigley, published December 3, 2015.

April 27, 2013

Nuclear power saves lives

Scientists working at NASA's Goddard Institute published a study that quantifies how many deaths that would have been caused by fossil fuels if burned for power, were avoided as a result of having had nuclear power displace the power from coal, oil or gas.  The answer is 1.8 million and growing every year that the coal is not burned.

Drs. Pushker Kharecha and James Hansen published Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power in the journal Environmental Science and Technology with the striking figure of 1.8 million as the number of lives saved by replacing fossil fuel sources with nuclear. They also estimate the saving of up to 7 million lives in the next four decades, along with substantial reductions in carbon emissions, were nuclear power to replace fossil fuel usage on a large scale.

In addition the study finds that the proposed expansion of natural gas would not be as effective in saving lives and preventing carbon emissions. In general the paper provides optimistic reasons for the responsible and widespread use of nuclear technologies in the near future. It also drives home the point that nuclear energy has prevented many more deaths than what it has caused.

References:

ACS Publications"Prevented Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Historical and Projected Nuclear Power," by Pushker A. Kharech and James E. Hansen, on March 15, 2013, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 9, 4889–4895.

Scientific American, "Nuclear power may have saved 1.8 million lives otherwise lost to fossil fuels, may save up to 7 million more." by by Ashutosh Jogalekar on April 2, 2013.

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