Nucleation Capital is a venture capital firm that is investing into ventures enabling the energy transition. We do this by investing in exceptional private ventures developing innovative technologies primarily in the advanced nuclear and deep decarbonization sectors.

Any investor who can establish accreditation by virtue of having investable assets of more than $1 million (not including the value of your primary residence) or income of $200,000 annually or $300,000 when combined with a spouse's income would be considered accredited and can invest in Nucleation Capital. Nucleation’s first fund, Fund I, accepts quarterly subscriptions ranging from $5,000 to $500,000 per quarter, for terms of 4 to 12 quarters, making participation in these sectors affordable for many more investors.

Nucleation Capital seeks to provide investors with a broadly diversified portfolio within the advanced nuclear and deep decarbonization sectors, which we believe are critical to enabling the world's transition to clean energy. We invest in a wide range of enabling technologies relating to nuclear fission, fusion, LENR and related areas, including supply and support ventures (advanced fuels and materials, nuclear AI, waste treatment and storage, integration and automation, etc.) that will support and accelerate sector growth. We believe that this area will supplant demand for fossil fuels in the coming years and will eventually succeed in growing into a $10 trillion industry. We seek to reduce risk by investing into leading ventures and doubling down on those ventures that are meeting their milestones and exceeding expectations.

We believe that innovations and technological breakthroughs are poised to make an already great technology (traditional light water nuclear reactors) even better. What is called "advanced nuclear" covers a rapidly emerging area with a wide range of competing approaches. We are a nuclear "native" fund, bringing industry experience and deep expertise to our investment analyses and decisions. In fact, we spend all of our time focused on nuclear and related technology and are participants in the industry, attending conferences, meeting players, speaking on panels and actively engaging full time. Unlike other investors, we don't just watch it from the outside and simultaneously invest in tons of other sectors. We know that nuclear is a complex area where small differences in design, fuel, and deployment strategy can have enormous implications. We think that, to succeed in providing maximum returns, investments in nuclear cannot be made without deep knowledge and up-to-date expertise. Thus, we aim to provide investors with a boutique and focused portfolio that gives them the best opportunity participate in the winners in this space—of which there will be many—rather than merely placing a larger bet on one or two primary reactor developers. With our focused, expert portfolio curation, we offer a risk-reduced way to enable investors to more fully diversify their portfolio’s into next-generation nuclear power and carbon management tech, without meaningful duplication with other funds.

Yes, we send confidential and fairly detailed investment reports on deals done during the prior quarter to all investor participating in that quarter. These reports don't contain company confidential information but we provide an explanation of what the company does and why we like it. These reports are typically sent out slightly delayed, so as to ensure that we don't preempt any announcements planned by the venture itself regarding their financing. We also post basic information about our investments later on our Portfolio page.

Nucleation Capital is able to have a website that gives the public access to learn about and even apply to Fund I because we operate under a different SEC rule than most venture funds. Fund I is a 506(c) fund that requires all investors who are applying to join us to provide proof of accreditation. Most traditional venture capital funds are 506(b) funds and only accept capital from known qualified investors. They therefore are not required to get proof of accredition for every LP but this means that they are prohibited from making any kind of public solicitation.

Nucleation Capital Fund I has lower fees than most other venture funds. While our standard fee structure of 2% annual management fee and 20% carried interest is comparable, we don't charge our ordinary fund expenses to our LPs, so this eliminates this large impact to LP capital. Additonally, we offer two types of discounts on our fees. Our investors get an automatic 25% discount off our our management fee of 2% with a subscription of 8 quarters or more.  We offer a further 25% discount off of our carried interest fee of 20% for subscriptions of $100,000 or more per quarter.  Because Nucleation Fund I is deployed on an advanced fintech platform that provides a cost-effective full-service back office support to us, we save on costs that allow us reduce our fees relative to traditional venture funds and we pass those savings on.

Nucleation’s investors fund their subscriptions on a regular quarterly basis. Angellist sends out a reminder notice at the end of the quarter to request the quarterly payment prior to the start of the next quarter. Management fees are deducted out of this capital by Angellist and Nucleation Capital pays all of our own fund expenses out of our earned management fee. So, unlike with most other funds, there are NO unscheduled capital calls in the ordinary course of the fund.

Nucleation Capital was the first venture fund founded with a focus on the advanced nuclear sector. But a number of traditional venture capitalists have made occasional investments into nuclear ventures including Founders Fund, Union Square Ventures and Venrock, whose first foray into fusion was captured by venture capitalist Ray Rothrock in a notable article titled What's the big idea in 2016.  While more VCs have been willing to make an occasional investment into fusion over the last decade, fewer have historically been willing to invest in fission. Lately, with Nucleation's presence in this space and orders being placed by Google, Amazon, Meta for power from advanced fission reactors, the number of venture funds starting to cover nuclear has grown tremendously. Among those that are now active include DCVC, Sequoia Capital, Andreessen Horowitz, Prime Movers Lab, Alumni Ventures, Draper Associates, Boost VC and even MCJ.

Nucleation Capital is focused on investing into ventures enabling the energy transition, which include various climate solution technologies that help reduce, reuse or manage the impacts of carbon dioxide emissions. We recognize the urgency of reducing emissions and the power that addressing the climate crisis has on markets. So, while our thesis seeks to benefit from demand for low-carbon energy solutions, we nevertheless invest with a profit-first filter and select those ventures we believe most likely to succeed in bringing their technologies to market and generating enormous value. So, yes, our thesis is fully focused on addressing climate and thus directly or indirectly address 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (see #1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17) but we make these investments in order to generate exceptional returns for our investors.

Like most other venture funds, Nucleation uses a ten year term. Ten years is standard because it takes many years for young ventures to build up enterprise value. However, if and when there is a liquidity event (an IPO, merger, SPAC, reverse merger or acquisition, etc.) we will seek to distribute those proceeds back to investors as soon as feasible.  Investors can expect to receive returns anytime between year 4 and year 10. As soon as any investment made during the subscription term achieves full liquidity and we are able to provide return, Nucleation (through its fund custodian) will distribute proceeds to investors. We first use the proceeds to repay all paid-in principal by the subscriber for the full term of their subscription. Thereafter, remaining net proceeds are divided between the subscriber and Nucleation Capital based upon the rate of carry applied.

Venture Capital avoids double taxation through a partnership structure between the fund managers, called General Partners (GPs) and the fund’s investors, called Limited Partners (LPs). This partnership structure protects LPs from incurring any liability for the operation of the fund yet enables both GPs and LPs to receive highly favorable tax treatment for returns on invested capital. This combination of limited liability with superior tax treatment is favored by professional venture capital firms and their investors.

Investors interested in Nucleation Fund I may apply directly through our online subscription portal at Angellist Ventures. There you get access to all our fund descriptive materials, fee information and legal docs. Angellist provides step-by-step instructions for selecting subscription terms, setting up a client account and submitting accreditation information. We're now accepting subscriptions ranging from $5,000 per quarter up to $500,000 per quarter. The whole process is paperless and can take as little as 20 minutes (a paper close, if preferred, can be arranged). Once you apply, Nucleation reviews your application, approves it and applies the appropriate discount. If you have trouble subscribing, please contact our customer support team at nucleation-support@angellist.com.  (For LPs interested in Fund II, our traditional venture fund, please indicate your interest here and we will get back to you.)

Yes, you can use a self-directed IRA to invest on Angellist, provided your custodian supports such investments. Angellist maintains a list of Supported IRA Custodians here. If your IRA custodian is not on this list, please confirm with your custodian that you are able to make IRA investments on Angellist. If not, you can contact Angellist's IRA support team to see if they can work within the custodian’s requirements. Alternatively, you can start a new self-direct IRA, such as Alto IRA, specifically for your investment into Nucleation Capital and get the benefits of using an IRA.

With Nucleation’s Fund I, we allow LPs to cancel their unfunded subscription for any reason. If you need to cancel, please contact our support team at nucleation-support@angellist.com and they will help you either pause or cancel your ongoing subscription.

Rolling funds are a type of venture capital fund with no pre-set required close date. The rolling fund utilizes a Master Series LLC structure and can continue to raise capital and deploy for as long as the General Partner wishes to continue it. The main difference of the rolling fund is that while it doesn't close by a set date, new investors get get access to deals done in the quarter in which they start and those going forward, but do not get access to any of the investments closed in prior quarters.  This structure is a type of "evergreen" fund which also rolls any capital not invested in the current quarter into the next quarter, increasing the amount available to be invested. Angellist Ventures introduced rolling funds in 2020 using a tech-enabled platform that also automates many aspects of the fund's administration, legal and accounting activities.  Most traditional venture funds are closed-end funds with a limited window in which to raise capital. Typically after an 18 month raise period, the fund cannot accept new investors but all investors who joined during the raise period can participate in every deal closed with the capital raised. After that, to raise more funds, the venture firm will have to start a new fund.

Investors wishing to participate in Nucleation’s Fund I apply online through our subscription portal and follow a fully-electronic process. The entire subscription and account set-up process can take as little as fifteen or twenty minutes. Anyone who needs accreditation will be shown the options for submitting proof of accreditation. Assuming the investor has access to suitable accreditation documents (or can provide contact info for their investment manager or CPA), accreditation can also happen very quickly as well. Thereafter, Nucleation Capital will be notified of your application and we will review it, approve it and apply any appropriate discount. We will send you back a messaging that confirms your acceptance into the fund. This whole process can take less than a few hours.

You need very minimal documentation. Those who are new to AngelList need to provide evidence of accreditation, which could be a bank statement, tax return or contact information for their investment manager. Angellist’s fraud prevention team follows “Know Your Customer” (KYC) protocols and may occasionally require investors to provide additional identification information (Legal Name, Address, Social Security Number).  When you apply, you have an opportunity to indicate how you found Nucleation Capital through a comment box. If you found us through our website or referral, please indicate that in your comment to us.

Once your application is accepted, you will be guided through setting up a bank ACH or wire connection to fund your subscription. You then fund one quarter at a time in level installments, either prior to or during the quarter. Angellist sets up a cash account for you and your wired subscription funds are held in your own cash account at Angellist until the time that your investment is officially closed into our fund, typically around the time that we close an investment. Angellist does not provide any interest payments on cash held in your Angellist cash account, so most investors simply fund quarterly.

Yes, as a current subscriber, you get a pro rata allocation in all of Nucleation’s deals for each of your subscribed quarters. Subscribers do not get allocations to deals closed in prior quarters or after your subscription ends. In the event that uninvested capital from your last subscribed quarter rolls over to a subsequent quarter, you will receive an allocation in the deals invested in that next quarter as well, even if not specifically subscribed to that quarter.

As a tech-enabled Rolling Fund, we can allow investors to participate at far lower capital levels. A typical traditional fund may have a multi-million dollar minimum. Our minimum starts at $5,000 per quarter and our maximum has grown to $500,000 per quarter. Our LPs fund on a level quarterly basis, making funding totally predictable. Traditional funds generally issue random capital calls for funds, giving you only a week or two to provide your capital. Traditional funds charge a standard fund expenses to their LPs, which can increase the number of capital calls and their total capital exposure. Nucleation's fund expenses are extremely low, so we don’t charge ordinary fund expenses to our LPs making Nucleation less costly than most other funds.

Nucleation’s rolling fund uses a simplified and secure subscription process, a confidential and automated accreditation process, a secure online account and investor portal with a dashboard to access fund information, reporting and messages, and a fund custodian that provides fund administration, accounting and customer support services. For those LPs who prefer it, we can also provide a more standard offline closing process.

There is no cost to our LPs to set up an account on the AngelList platform, to be accredited and join our fund. AngelList charges an Admin fee to all rolling funds for their use of the platform and most funds deduct this fee from LP principal. Nucleation does not do that. We pays this platform fee ourselves so this fee is not felt by our LPs, making Nucleation one of the best values in venture capital. (Note: Nucleation has covered this fee from the very beginning of our fund and continue to cover this fee through the 2x+ price increase that was rolled out by AngelList starting in 2025.

Venture funds, including Nucleation, are classified as partnerships for US federal income tax purposes. Investors are deemed "Limited Partners" (LPs), and treated as a partner of the fund. As a partnership, venture funds are not subject to paying US federal income tax at the entity level. Rather, each partner shares in all taxable events, typically spanning long-term income gains and/or losses, which roll down to the individual for inclusion in your income for each taxable year of the partnership.  You will receive a set of K1 forms from Angellist which you then share with your tax accountant, so they can include it in your tax report.

Nucleation offer customer support for any issue that you have with your account. Please reach out to our online support team at nucleation-support@angellist.com for help on any matter pertaining to your account.

All of our energy orginates from the Big Bang, which created stars and planets. Mankind has been fortunate that we’ve been gifted with special metals with the ability to fission (split). This phenomena (called nuclear power) produces the greatest amount of heat from the smallest amount of mass. Nuclear fusion (aka, the sun) drives other types of power that we have today.  We hope this graphic helps explain the origins of energy (click to enlarge).

There are dozens if not hundreds of governmental and authoritative groups that endeavor to help people learn the truth about nuclear energy. (Unfortunately, there are also many activist-oriented sites spreading inaccurate information which aim to make people fear nuclear.)

Authoritative sources include:

• • The Department of Energy: Office of Nuclear Energy
  • The Idaho National Lab (and many other national labs)
  • The American Nuclear Society
  • The Nuclear Energy Institute:  Fundamentals
  • The International Energy Agency: Nuclear
  • The World Nuclear Association
  • The Nuclear Innovation Alliance
  • Nuclear Matters
  • Clean Air Task Force: Advanced Nuclear Energy
  • ClearPath: Nuclear
  • Third Way: Climate & Energy
  • The Breakthrough Institute: Energy
  • Good Energy Collective
  • Energy Impact Center
  • University of Michigan: Fastest Path to Zero
  • What is Nuclear?

Other reliable sources we like include:

• • Kyle Hill: Explains LCOE and why nuclear seems expensive (17 min. video)
  • Oliver Stone's "Nuclear Now" documentary film on why we need nuclear (links to the trailer, but you can find the film on major streaming services)
  • Goehring & Rozencwajg, The Distortions of Cheap Energy (explains EROEI (energy return on energy invested) beautifully)

People define “advanced nuclear” differently but generally the concept encompasses a very wide range of newer reactor designs that include fission, fusion, subcritical, radioisotope and even low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) that are being developed this century with the benefit of advanced technologies. Most advanced designs use alternative materials for coolants and moderators other than water and thus are not exactly like the traditional Light Water Reactors (LWRs) that we currently use however there are some advanced designs using LWR technology with advanced form factors and other types of improvements. Many of these alternate LWR  approaches utilize smaller, modular, pre-fabricated components and are referred to as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).

Yes, many! Some of the benefits of nuclear energy are consistent between traditional nuclear and advanced nuclear and we expect that there will be numerous improvements provided by the advanced reactor designs being made available in the coming years.  These designs will disrupt energy in the following ways:

1. More styles, sizes and types of technology to pick from to help decarbonize a broader range of energy needs. Thus, advanced nuclear will enter new energy markets and compete for more applications that currently are served by fossil fuels.
2. Higher quality heat: Some advanced nuclear designs will produce very high-temperature steam that can be used directly for industrial proceses heat, providing a new way to decarbonize industrial processes that have long relied on coal or gas.
3. Use of waste as fuel: Some advanced designs will be able to generate energy from spent nuclear fuel—i.e. “nuclear waste”—and turn that into a valuable resource, solving two problems at once.
4. Factory production: Modular designs will be largely produced in factories and shipped as prefabricated components to sites, resulting in higher production quality, cost-reducing learning curves, standardized construction designs, faster build times and reduced financing burdens, all of which will bring down costs.
5. Scaled deployments: Factory production will enable the industry to build back its workforce, with training and continuous production cycles, and allow integrators to manage  construction at multiple sites, rather than needing expert construction crews for a single construction site. This approach will also yield greater and more enduring economic benefits and job creation.
6. Use HALEU fuels to extend operations: Numerous designs are looking to utilize a form of medium enriched uranium called "High Assay, Low-Enriched Uranium" or HALEU, that is enriched more than 5% but less than 20%. Using this fuel can provide greater fuel efficiency and longer operating periods before refueling.
7. Fill international energy needs: Rather than ceding the international market to Russia and China, the U.S.’s advanced reactors will improve our competitive ability to export a broader menu of technologies to developing nations and help build stable democracies that are not beholden to our adversaries.

While nuclear innovation has been on the rebound for more than a decade, until recently, news about advancements in the industry rarely received mainstream media coverage. For better or worse, our inability to stem climate change with wind and solar has forced so many more people and governments to consider nuclear as a solution, the once prevalent taboos against discussing nuclear are nearly gone.

We certainly can and should use wind and solar where they are cost-effective. Some places, however, don’t have good wind or abundant sunny weather.  Also, both energy sources are only partial solutions due to their intermittency. It turns out that it costs a lot to provide the back-up power and battery storage necessary to firm renewable power. Nuclear provides clean, reliable power that can complement wind and solar. Here is an animated answer to the question of “Do we need nuclear?”

Several leading advanced nuclear designs are now on track for demonstration units to be completed mid-decade. Radiant Nuclear, one of our portfolio investments, is on track to transport their small 1 MW Kaleidos reactor to the INL's DOME facility in 2026 and commence testing. Others already building include Aalo, Kairos, Natura, and TerraPower. Radiant, Aalo and Kairos anticipate using factories for volume production and are already gearing up to make quantity production available by the end of the decade. We expect multiple designs to come online in the next five years, with production following close behind.

Nuclear energy waste has long been seen as a political issue but it is not a technical issue. All nuclear waste from power production is safely stored, funded and has virtually no impact. There are a range of advanced options that can provide even lower-cost permanent storage (such as Deep Isolation’s deep geologic boreholes) and/or reprocessing and reuse of this waste as fuel. In stark contrast, fossil fuels’ waste—toxic chemicals, particulants and carbon emissions—have been shown to cause almost half of all air pollution deaths, an estimated 4 million premature deaths, plus are heating our climate. That’s the biggest waste issue humanity has. Nuclear provides a vital solution and with developments in the works now, it is quite feasible that we could choose to close the fuel cycle. This means, rather than paying to store spent fuel, we can pay to reprocess and effectively recycle much of this waste material as fuel for advanced reactors.

Of course, but that is the same for any new technology. No one has ever said that the high cost of the first prototyped iPhone means that there won’t be a market for the product. All technologies see declining costs as production numbers increase. Advanced nuclear, because of its smaller sizes and modular construction, will travel down the cost curve much more quickly than the prior generations of nuclear power plants, all of which were infrastructure projects with little modularity. Advanced nuclear power using enriched fuel can become one of the least-cost energy sources available. Regardless, studies have shown that the existence of firm clean power on any grid with intermittent renewables will make the total cost of decarbonization cheaper on an all-in basis.

We have ~10,000 years of nuclear fuel available from known uranium resources, including a considerable amount dissolved in sea water. Experts have estimated that there is as much as 1,000 years of energy locked up in the unused fuel that is part of "spent nuclear fuel," and treated as waste. Decommissioning nuclear weapons could also= supply several hundred years worth of power, as demonstrated by the “Megatons to Megawatts” program, successfully implemented in the 90s. Then, there is thorium, another common mineral which is fertile, that can be used to augment and supplement uranium fuel supplies, so there isn't any immediate risk of running out of fuel in the foreseeable future.

That remains unknown. Fusion researchers are making progress but extremely slowly. Yet considerable hype about this progress has raised expectations and funding levels. However frequent claims of “net energy” (more energy out than was put in) from fusion events are widely misconstrued and overstated. Fusion has not only not come close to net energy, it has never produced a usable amount of electrons for any grid, despite many decades of rigorous research and development efforts. Currently, we don’t expect it to come online until the 2050s or 2060s. We can hope but we cannot afford to bank on this technology being available to help us generate electricity in the near term, including between now and 2050.  Meanwhile, we will invest in select fusion ventures that are developing different types of valuable services or products that help them generate revenues on their way to perfecting energy from fusion.

LENR is a third type of nuclear energy which has eluded precise scientific definition. Now, three decades along, scientists have a much greater understanding of the phenomena that involves metallic lattices and complex multi-body interactions (that may involve hydrogen, photons, pomerons, quarks, etc.) by which a burst of energy is generated with no moving parts. Variously called Low Energy Nucear Reactions (LENR), Solid State Nuclear or Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF), there are more than 150 initiatives and even ventures pursuing R&D in this area and several groups, including NASA and the DOE, engaged in and investing in this research.

Deep decarbonization is a term that covers and a whole range of existing and new approaches, methods and technologies for removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmopshere and doing something else with the molecule or the carbon part of that molecule.  We have not yet successfully stopped emitting new amounts of CO2, so there is still an upward trajectory of the levels of CO2 going into the atmosphere. Deep decarbonization contemplates using “negative emissions” technologies to capture, utilize or sequester CO2 after it has been released into the atmosphere and oceans, as another critical mechanism to try to prevent the worst climate impacts from happening.

Because of humanity’s habit of burning fossil fuels for energy—which releases carbon dioxide as its waste product—the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is rising faster than any other time in the past 66 million years.  Today, CO2 has reached levels not seen in at least the past 800,000 years, which is causing our atmosphere to heat up very quickly. According to analysis done by Dr. James Hansen and his team at the Columbia Earth Institute, accumulated CO2 has the effect of generating excess atmospheric heat equivalent to 750,000 atomic bombs per day, every day. While the challenge of making a wholesale shift away from burning the types of fossil fuels that release CO2 continues to elude us, there are things that we can do to try to mitigate the damage being done by removing increasing amounts of free CO2 so that it cannot function as a heating mechanism in the atmsophere.

This is from Climate.gov’s  “Climate Q&A” page:

[Bar chart: Yearly temperature compared to the twentieth-century average from 1850–2024. Red bars mean warmer-than-average years; blue bars mean colder-than-average years. Line graph: Atmospheric carbon dioxide amounts: 1850-1958 from IAC, 1959-2023 from NOAA Global Monitoring Lab. NOAA Climate.gov graph, adapted from original by Dr. Howard Diamond (NOAA ARL).

As the graph above shows, both global temperature (colored bars) and atmospheric carbon dioxide (black line) increased more slowly during the first half of the observational record in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rose by around 20 parts per million over the 7 decades from 1880­–1950, while the temperature increased by an average of 0.04° C per decade.

Over the next 7 decades, however, carbon dioxide climbed nearly 100 ppm—5 times as fast! To put those changes in some historical context, the amount of rise in carbon dioxide levels since the late 1950s would naturally, in the context of past ice ages, have taken somewhere in the range of 5,000 to 20,000 years; through deforestation and burning fossil fuels we’ve managed to do it in about 60. At the same time, the rate of warming averaged 0.14° C per decade. The rapid rate of temperature rise over such a short period time points to only one thing, and that is the addition of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide, into the environment.

“CDR” stands for Carbon Dioxide Removal and contemplates one or more methods for capturing CO2 and rendering it harmless to our atmopshere. “DAC” is Direct Air Capture and involves capturing the CO2 from the air as one method for achieving CDR.

“Net Zero” is an approach to dealing with carbon emissions that recognizes that while we are working to shift to clean sources of energy, we will be continuing to emit CO2. So we need to use CDR methods to draw down the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as fast or faster than human activity is forcing it up.

Here is a chart listing the most common and most promising negative emissions technologies:

The following is a depiction of the various industrial and commercial uses for CO2 or C, converted from CO2:

Here is a list some of the resources that can give you a better sense of where things are:

1. CDR.fyi’s 2024+ Market Outlook Summary Report
2. DOE announces $100 million in funding for pilot of CDR technologies.
3. PR Newswire’s summary of the Carbon Dioxide Removal Market, January 2024
4. NORI‘s 2021 Carbon Removal Recap podcast.
5. Microsoft shared lessons learned and insights on purchasing carbon removal credits through the publication of a white paper.
6. This scientific paper looks at integrating direct air capture (DAC) with small modular nuclear reactors.
7. Mother Jones critical look at the hype surrounding carbon removal, “Is Sucking Carbon out of the Air the Solution to Our Climate Crisis? Or just another Big Oil boondoggle?“
8. Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2023/2024
9. ClimateWorks published a report on how to decarbonize concrete, the world’s most used building material.
10. Kennedy School’s Belfer Center’s Prospects for Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage: Costs, Scale and Funding

Unfortunately, not as ready as we need it to be. There has been a lot of work on improving the "Technology Readiness Levels" (TRLs) of various approaches to carbon dioxide removal but costs remain very high and efficiency remains very low. Here's a graphic showing approximate TRLs for various approaches. We definitely need more breakthroughs in this space and advanced nuclear will be a benefit for those approaches that require power without emissions. At the moment, preventing the loss of forests and planting trees are some of the most effective approaches to sequestering carbon that we have.